Chapter 02: Human Needs Theory and Dental Hygiene Care
Darby & Walsh: Dental Hygiene: Theory and Practice, 4th Edition

MULTIPLE CHOICE

	1.	Examples of human needs related to dental hygiene care include all of the following except one. Which one is the exception?
a.	Freedom from fear and stress	
b.	Protection from health risks	
c.	Freedom from head and neck pain	
d.	Love and belong needs	
e.	Wholesome facial image	

ANS:	D
Love and belonging needs is not an example of the specific eight human needs related to dental hygiene care in the Human Needs Conceptual Model of Dental Hygiene. Freedom from fear and stress, protections from health risks, freedom from head and neck pain, and a wholesome facial image are all examples of the specific eight human needs related to dental hygiene care in the Human Needs Conceptual Model of Dental Hygiene.

REF:	Dental Hygiene’s Eight Human Needs | 18-31

	2.	Protection from health risks is the need to avoid medical contraindications related to dental hygiene care and to be free from harm or danger involving the integrity of the body structure and environment around the person. With advances in thermoplastic material, boil and bite mouth guard have good retention and cover all posterior teeth.
a.	Both statements are true.	
b.	Both statements are false.	
c.	The first statement is true, and the second statement is false.	
d.	The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.	

ANS:	C
The definition for the human need for protection from health risks is correct. However, boil and bite mouth guards have poor retention and do not cover all posterior teeth. The other choices are incorrect.

REF:	Protection From Health Risks | 18-19	

	3.	What is the term for a tension within a person?
a.	Self-tolerance	
b.	Human need	
c.	Facial image stressors	
d.	Immunosuppression	

ANS:	B
Human need is the term for tension within a person. Self-tolerance is the unique ability to recognize the difference between “self” and “foreign” antigens and is an incorrect choice. Facial image stressors are related to the human need for wholesome facial image and is an incorrect answer. Immunosuppression refers to the inhibition of the formation of antibodies to antigens that may be present; it is used in transplantation procedures to prevent rejection of the transplanted organ or tissue. It is an incorrect choice.

REF:	Background | 14	

	4.	Human need theory was selected as the conceptual framework for the Dental Hygiene Human Needs Model because human needs transcend age, culture, gender, and nationality.
a.	Both the statement and the reason are correct, and they are related.	
b.	Both the statement and the reason are correct, but they are not related.	
c.	The statement is correct, but the reason is not.	
d.	The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.	
e.	Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.	

ANS:	A
Human need theory is the conceptual framework for the Dental Hygiene Human Needs Model. It was selected because human needs transcend age, culture, gender, and nationality. The other choices are incorrect.

REF:	Human Needs Conceptual Model of Dental Hygiene | 15

	5.	Which type of medications helps meet the human need for a biologically sound dentition?
a.	Fluoride	
b.	NSAIDs	
c.	Penicillamine	
d.	Cyclosporine	
e.	Antimalarials	

ANS:	A
Fluoride helps meet the human need for a biologically sound dentition. NSAIDs, penicillamine, cyclosporine, and antimalarials are incorrect choices.

REF:	Implications for Dental Hygiene Care | 29	

	6.	Which of the following represents a human need deficit in the need for a biologically sound dentition?
a.	Gingival bleeding	
b.	No dental examination in the last 2 years	
c.	Vital signs outside of normal limits	
d.	Mucogingival problems	
e.	Concern about confidentiality	

ANS:	B
No dental examination in the last 2 years is a sign of a human need deficit in the need for a biologically sound dentition. Gingival bleeding, vital signs outside of normal limits, mucogingival problems, and concerns about confidentiality are incorrect choices.

REF:	Assessment | 27-29	

	7.	Periodontal disease is epidemic in the United States and elsewhere. The human need for skin and mucous membrane integrity of the head and neck is usually unmet in clients seeking dental hygiene care.
a.	Both statements are true.	
b.	Both statements are false.	
c.	The first statement is true, and the second statement is false.	
d.	The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.	

ANS:	A
Over 80% of the population in the United States and elsewhere has some form of periodontal disease. Therefore, the human need for skin and mucous membrane integrity of the head and neck is usually unmet in clients seeking dental hygiene care. The other choices are incorrect.

REF:	Implications for Dental Hygiene Care | 26	

	8.	Which human need is associated with dissatisfaction with facial profile?
a.	Protection from health risks	
b.	Biologically sound and functional dentition	
c.	Wholesome facial image	
d.	Freedom from stress	

ANS:	C
Dissatisfaction with one’s facial profile is associated with a deficit in the human need for a wholesome facial image. Protection from health risks, biologically sound and functional dentition, and freedom from stress are not associated with dissatisfaction with one’s facial profile.

REF:	Wholesome Facial Image | 23

	9.	Pockets greater than 4 mm, attachment loss greater than 4 mm, and bleeding on probing are all signs of a deficit in which human need?
a.	Wholesome facial image	
b.	Protection from health risks	
c.	Biologically sound and functional dentition	
d.	Skin and mucous membrane integrity of head and neck	
e.	Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus	

ANS:	D
Pockets greater than 4 mm, attachment loss greater than 4 mm, and bleeding on probing are signs of a deficit in the human need for skin and mucous membrane integrity of the head and neck. The other choices are incorrect.

REF:	Assessment | 24	

	10.	Which of the following is the most common concern associated with the human need for freedom from head and neck pain?
a.	Concerns about disease transmission	
b.	Concerns about fluoride toxicity	
c.	Report of pain	
d.	Concern about radiation exposure	
e.	Has questions about oral disease	

ANS:	C
Report of pain is the most common symptom associated with the human need for freedom from pain. The other choices are incorrect.

REF:	Assessment | 21	

	11.	The dental hygienist should not evaluate clients with a deficit in protection from health risks because the domain of the dental hygienist is only the oral cavity.
a.	Both the statement and the reason are correct, and they are related.	
b.	Both the statement and the reason are correct, but they are not related.	
c.	The statement is correct, but the reason is not.	
d.	The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.	
e.	Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.	

ANS:	E
Patients with a deficit in protection from health risks must be evaluated by the dental hygienist to avoid medical contraindications related to dental hygiene care and to be free from harm or danger involving the integrity of the body’s structure. The domain of dental hygiene is represented by the eight human needs related to dental hygiene care. The other choices are incorrect.

REF:	Assessment | 18-19	

	12.	Using a human needs assessment tool for dental hygiene care is an appropriate way for dental hygienists to diagnose human need deficits related to dental hygiene care. Patients having human need deficits should be referred for further medical evaluation.
a.	Both statements are true.	
b.	Both statements are false.	
c.	The first statement is true, and the second statement is false.	
d.	The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.	

ANS:	C
Using a risk assessment tool for dental hygiene care is an appropriate way for dental hygienists to diagnose human need deficits related to dental hygiene care. However, not all human need deficits require referral of the client for further medical evaluation. The other choices are incorrect.

REF:	Concept 4: Dental Hygiene Actions | 15-17	

	13.	Most clients with deficits in the human need for protection from health risks require prophylactic antibiotics before dental and dental hygiene treatment because they are immunosuppressed and prone to infection.
a.	Both the statement and the reason are correct, and they are related.	
b.	Both the statement and the reason are correct, but they are not related.	
c.	The statement is correct, but the reason is not.	
d.	The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.	
e.	Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.	

ANS:	E
Many clients with deficits in the human need for protection from health risks do not require prophylactic antibiotics before dental and dental hygiene treatment. Prophylactic antibiotics are recommended when clients have a condition (e.g., complete hip replacement surgery within the past 2 years) that places them at risk for serious infection such as endocarditis. The other choices are incorrect.

REF:	Protection From Health Risks | 18-19	

	14.	Which human need most often presents with bleeding on probing?
a.	Wholesome facial image	
b.	Protection from health risks	
c.	Biologically sound and functional dentition	
d.	Skin and mucous membrane integrity of the head and neck	
e.	Freedom from head and neck pain	

ANS:	D
Skin and mucous membrane integrity of the head and neck has a deficit that most often presents with bleeding on probing. The other choices are incorrect.

REF:	Assessment | 24	

	15.	Daily fluoride therapy is often recommended for clients with a deficit in the need for a biologically sound and functional dentition because they are prone to xerostomia.
a.	Both the statement and the reason are correct, and they are related.	
b.	Both the statement and the reason are correct, but they are not related.	
c.	The statement is correct, but the reason is not.	
d.	The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.	
e.	Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.	

ANS:	A
Daily fluoride therapy is often recommended for clients with a deficit in the need for a biologically sound and functional dentition autoimmune disease because treatment of incipient carious lesions (such as white spots) with fluoride will remineralize them. The other choices are incorrect.

REF:	Biologically Sound and Functional Dentition | 27-29

	16.	Power toothbrushes are recommended for clients who present with biofilm removal challenges. Which human need that, if in deficit, would suggest the need for this oral health device?
a.	Protection from health risks	
b.	Freedom from head and neck pain	
c.	Freedom from stress	
d.	Responsibility for oral health	
e.	Wholesome facial image	
f.	Biologically sound dentition	

ANS:	D
A deficit in the human need for responsibility for oral health would be inadequate plaque biofilm control. Power toothbrushes are recommended for clients who present with biofilm removal challenges. The other choices are incorrect.

REF:	Implications for Dental Hygiene Care | 31	

	17.	Medical consultation often is recommended for clients with a deficit in their human need for protection from health risks. The need for medical treatment may supersede the oral treatment planned.
a.	Both statements are true.	
b.	Both statements are false.	
c.	The first statement is true, and the second statement is false.	
d.	The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.	

ANS:	A
Medical consultation often is recommended for clients with a deficit in their human need for protection from health risks to avoid medical contraindications related to dental hygiene care. The need for medical treatment may supersede the oral treatment planned to be free from harm or danger involving the integrity of the body structure. The other choices are incorrect.

REF:	Implications for Dental Hygiene Care | 19	

	18.	Regular maintenance intervals of no more than 3 months are recommended for clients with a deficit in skin and mucous membrane integrity of the head and neck because they are not motivated to maintain oral health at home.
a.	Both the statement and the reason are correct, and they are related.	
b.	Both the statement and the reason are correct, but they are not related.	
c.	The statement is correct, but the reason is not.	
d.	The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.	
e.	Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.	

ANS:	C
Regular maintenance intervals of no more than 3 months are recommended for clients with a deficit in skin and mucous membrane integrity of the head and neck. However, clients may be highly motivated to maintain oral health at home, but may be unable to do a thorough job of reducing the effects of pathogenic oral bacteria for a period greater than 2 to 3 months. The other choices are incorrect.

REF:	Implications for Dental Hygiene Care | 24-27

	19.	A deficit in the need for a wholesome facial image is a dissatisfaction with the appearance of one’s teeth. This need is in deficit only if the client reports dissatisfaction.
a.	Both statements are true.	
b.	Both statements are false.	
c.	The first statement is true, and the second statement is false.	
d.	The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.	

ANS:	A
A deficit in the need for a wholesome facial image is a dissatisfaction with the appearance of one’s teeth. This need is in deficit only if the client reports dissatisfaction rather than basing the deficit on the clinician dissatisfaction. The other choices are incorrect.

REF:	Wholesome Facial Image | 23

	20.	How many human needs have been identified in the Dental Hygiene Human Needs Conceptual Model as being related to dental hygiene care?
a.	20	
b.	11	
c.	14	
d.	8	
e.	Over 30	

ANS:	D
Currently, eight human needs have been identified in the Dental Hygiene Human Needs Conceptual Model as being related to dental hygiene care; 20, 11, 14, and over 30 are incorrect.

REF:	Concept 4: Dental Hygiene Actions | 15-17	

	21.	All of the following are signs that the client’s human need for a biologically and functional dentition is in deficit except one. Which one is the exception?
a.	No dental evaluation in the last 2 years	
b.	Missing teeth	
c.	Need for prophylactic antibiotics	
d.	Teeth with erosion	
e.	Ill-fitting dentures	

ANS:	C
A need for prophylactic antibiotics is not a sign of a deficit in the client’s human need for a biologically sound and functional dentition. No dental evaluation in the last 2 years, missing teeth, teeth with erosion, and ill-fitting dentures are all examples of deficits in the human need for a biologically sound and functional dentition.

REF:	Assessment | 27-29	

	22.	Local anesthesia and nitrous oxide-oxygen sedation are recommended for a client who has a deficit in the human need for freedom from head and neck pain because these modalities help to prevent a medical emergency.
a.	Both the statement and the reason are correct, and they are related.	
b.	Both the statement and the reason are correct, but they are not related.	
c.	The statement is correct, but the reason is not.	
d.	The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.	
e.	Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.	

ANS:	C
Local anesthesia and nitrous oxide sedation are recommended for clients who are deficient in the need for freedom from head and neck pain. However, the rationale is that they block or decrease one’s appreciation for the severity of pain, not because these modalities help to prevent a medical emergency during dental hygiene care. The other choices are incorrect.

REF:	Implications for Dental Hygiene Care | 21-23

	23.	From the following list, select those that should be part of documentation of the dental hygiene appointment with clients who have a deficit in the need for a wholesome facial image.
a.	Process	
b.	Outcomes	
c.	Extent to which goals are met	
d.	Client’s response to care	
e.	Referrals needed	
f.	Adverse reactions	
g.	Future treatment	
h.	All of the above	

ANS:	H
All of the choices should be part of documentation of the dental hygiene appointment with all clients who have a deficit in any of the eight human needs related to dental hygiene care.

REF:	Concept 4: Dental Hygiene Actions | 15-17	

	24.	Prophylactic antibiotics are often required in clients with a deficit in protection from health risk because they report a history of a heart murmur resulting from rheumatic fever.
a.	Both the statement and the reason are correct, and they are related.	
b.	Both the statement and the reason are correct, but they are not related.	
c.	The statement is correct, but the reason is not.	
d.	The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.	
e.	Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.	

ANS:	A
Patients who report a history of a heart murmur resulting from rheumatic fever have a deficit in protection from health risks. Such clients often require prophylactic antibiotics because they are more susceptible to developing endocarditis. The other choices are incorrect.

REF:	Assessment | 18-19	

	25.	Which human need is characterized by the need to feel safe, be free from emotional discomfort in the oral healthcare environment, and to receive appreciation, attention, and respect from others?
a.	Conceptualization and understanding	
b.	Freedom from head and neck pain	
c.	Freedom from stress	
d.	Responsibility for oral health	
e.	Wholesome facial image	

ANS:	C
The human need for freedom from stress is characterized by the need to feel safe, be free from emotional discomfort in the oral healthcare environment, and to receive appreciation, attention, and respect from others. Conceptualization and understanding, freedom from head and neck pain, responsibility for oral health, and wholesome facial image are incorrect answers.

REF:	Freedom from Fear and Stress | 19

	26.	Which human need is characterized by the need to be exempt from physical discomfort in the head and neck area?
a.	Conceptualization and understanding	
b.	Freedom from head and neck pain	
c.	Freedom from stress	
d.	Responsibility for oral health	
e.	Wholesome facial image	

ANS:	B
The human need for freedom from head and neck pain is characterized by the need to be exempt from physical discomfort in the head and neck area. Conceptualization and understanding, freedom from stress, responsibility for oral health, and wholesome facial image are incorrect answers.

REF:	Freedom from Pain | 21

MULTIPLE RESPONSE

	1.	Select the four paradigm concepts related to the dental hygiene human needs theory.
a.	Client	
b.	Environment	
c.	Patient	
d.	Community	
e.	Infection	
f.	Dental hygiene actions	
g.	Total client care	
h.	Health/oral health	

ANS:	A, B, F, H
Client, environment, dental hygiene actions, and health/oral health are the four paradigm concepts related to the dental hygiene human needs theory. Patient, community, infection, and total client care are not paradigm concepts related to the dental hygiene human needs theory.

REF:	Human Needs Conceptual Model of Dental Hygiene | 15-17	

	2.	Select the signs and symptoms of a deficit in skin and mucous membrane integrity of the head and neck.
a.	Gingival inflammation	
b.	Bleeding on probing	
c.	Probing depths greater than 4 mm	
d.	Anemia	
e.	Xerostomia	
f.	Clinical attachment loss greater than 4 mm	
g.	Tinnitus	
h.	Extraoral tenderness or swelling	

ANS:	A, B, C, F, H
Gingival inflammation, bleeding on probing, probing depths greater than 4 mm, clinical attachment loss greater than 4 mm, and extraoral tenderness or swelling are all signs and symptoms of a deficit in skin and mucous membrane integrity of the head and neck. Anemia, xerostomia, and tinnitus are incorrect choices.

REF:	Assessment | 24	

	3.	Select the four deficits in the human need for a biologically sound and functional dentition.
a.	Missing teeth	
b.	Vital signs outside of normal limits	
c.	Concern about appearance of teeth	
d.	Teeth with signs of disease	
e.	Gingival inflammation	
f.	Ill-fitting dentures	
g.	Chewing difficulties	

ANS:	A, D, F, G
Missing teeth, teeth with signs of disease, ill-fitting dentures, and chewing difficulties are four deficits in the human need for a biologically sound and functional dentition. Vital signs outside of normal limits, concern about appearance of teeth, and gingival inflammation are not associated with a deficit in the human need for a biologically sound and functional dentition.

REF:	Assessment | 27-29	

MATCHING

For each human need, select the appropriate sign or symptom associated with a deficit in that human need.
a.	Wholesome facial image	
b.	Skin and mucous membrane integrity of the head and neck	
c.	Biologically sound and functional dentition	
d.	Freedom from stress	
e.	Responsibility for oral health	

	1.	Concern about cost

	2.	Missing teeth

	3.	Bleeding on probing

	4.	Presence of plaque biofilm and calculus

	5.	Halitosis

	1.	ANS:	E	REF:	Dental Hygiene’s Eight Human Needs | 18-31

	2.	ANS:	C	REF:	Dental Hygiene’s Eight Human Needs | 18-31

	3.	ANS:	B	REF:	Dental Hygiene’s Eight Human Needs | 18-31

	4.	ANS:	A	REF:	Dental Hygiene’s Eight Human Needs | 18-31

	5.	ANS:	D	REF:	Dental Hygiene’s Eight Human Needs | 18-31